1 Now it came to pass, when Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem had heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them; |
2 That they feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, as one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and all the men thereof were mighty. |
3 Wherefore Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem sent unto Hoham king of Hebron, and unto Piram king of Jarmuth, and unto Japhia king of Lachish, and unto Debir king of Eglon, saying, |
4 Come up unto me, and help me, that we may smite Gibeon: for it hath made peace with Joshua and with the children of Israel. |
5 Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, they and all their hosts, and encamped before Gibeon, and made war against it. |
6 And the men of Gibeon sent unto Joshua to the camp to Gilgal, saying, Slack not thy hand from thy servants; come up to us quickly, and save us, and help us: for all the kings of the Amorites that dwell in the mountains are gathered together against us. |
7 So Joshua ascended from Gilgal, he, and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valour. |
8 And the LORD said unto Joshua, Fear them not: for I have delivered them into thine hand; there shall not a man of them stand before thee. |
9 Joshua therefore came unto them suddenly, and went up from Gilgal all night. |
10 And the LORD discomfited them before Israel, and slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon, and chased them along the way that goeth up to Beth-horon, and smote them to Azekah, and unto Makkedah. |
11 And it came to pass, as they fled from before Israel, and were in the going down to Beth-horon, that the LORD cast down great stones from heaven upon them unto Azekah, and they died: they were more which died with hailstones than they whom the children of Israel slew with the sword. |
12 Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. |
13 And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day. |
14 And there was no day like that before it or after it, that the LORD hearkened unto the voice of a man: for the LORD fought for Israel. |
15 And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal. |
16 But these five kings fled, and hid themselves in a cave at Makkedah. |
17 And it was told Joshua, saying, The five kings are found hid in a cave at Makkedah. |
18 And Joshua said, Roll great stones upon the mouth of the cave, and set men by it for to keep them: |
19 And stay ye not, but pursue after your enemies, and smite the hindmost of them; suffer them not to enter into their cities: for the LORD your God hath delivered them into your hand. |
20 And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they were consumed, that the rest which remained of them entered into fenced cities. |
21 And all the people returned to the camp to Joshua at Makkedah in peace: none moved his tongue against any of the children of Israel. |
22 Then said Joshua, Open the mouth of the cave, and bring out those five kings unto me out of the cave. |
23 And they did so, and brought forth those five kings unto him out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon. |
24 And it came to pass, when they brought out those kings unto Joshua, that Joshua called for all the men of Israel, and said unto the captains of the men of war which went with him, Come near, put your feet upon the necks of these kings. And they came near, and put their feet upon the necks of them. |
25 And Joshua said unto them, Fear not, nor be dismayed, be strong and of good courage: for thus shall the LORD do to all your enemies against whom ye fight. |
26 And afterward Joshua smote them, and slew them, and hanged them on five trees: and they were hanging upon the trees until the evening. |
27 And it came to pass at the time of the going down of the sun, that Joshua commanded, and they took them down off the trees, and cast them into the cave wherein they had been hid, and laid great stones in the cave's mouth, which remain until this very day. |
28 And that day Joshua took Makkedah, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof he utterly destroyed, them, and all the souls that were therein; he let none remain: and he did to the king of Makkedah as he did unto the king of Jericho. |
29 Then Joshua passed from Makkedah, and all Israel with him, unto Libnah, and fought against Libnah: |
30 And the LORD delivered it also, and the king thereof, into the hand of Israel; and he smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein; he let none remain in it; but did unto the king thereof as he did unto the king of Jericho. |
31 And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto Lachish, and encamped against it, and fought against it: |
32 And the LORD delivered Lachish into the hand of Israel, which took it on the second day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein, according to all that he had done to Libnah. |
33 Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining. |
34 And from Lachish Joshua passed unto Eglon, and all Israel with him; and they encamped against it, and fought against it: |
35 And they took it on that day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein he utterly destroyed that day, according to all that he had done to Lachish. |
36 And Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, unto Hebron; and they fought against it: |
37 And they took it, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof, and all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining, according to all that he had done to Eglon; but destroyed it utterly, and all the souls that were therein. |
38 And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to Debir; and fought against it: |
39 And he took it, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof; and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and utterly destroyed all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining: as he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir, and to the king thereof; as he had done also to Libnah, and to her king. |
40 So Joshua smote all the country of the hills, and of the south, and of the vale, and of the springs, and all their kings: he left none remaining, but utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the LORD God of Israel commanded. |
41 And Joshua smote them from Kadesh-barnea even unto Gaza, and all the country of Goshen, even unto Gibeon. |
42 And all these kings and their land did Joshua take at one time, because the LORD God of Israel fought for Israel. |
43 And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal. |
10 In this chapter we have an account of the confederacy against Gibeon, and the request of the Gibeonites to Joshua, Jos 10:1-6.
Of Joshua's marching and defeating the confederate kings, Jos 10:7-11.
Of the sun's standing still, Jos 10:12-14.
Of the execution of the kings, Jos 10:15-27.
Of the taking their cities, and conquering all that country, Jos 10:28-42.
Of the return of the army to Gilgal, Jos 10:43.
10:1 Among them - That is, were conversant with them, had submitted to their laws, and mingled interests with them.
10:2 Thy - That is, he and his people, the king being spoken of ver. Jos 10:1, as a publick person representing all his people.Royal cities - Either really a royal city, or equal to one of the royal cities, though it had no king, but seems to have been governed by elders, chap.Jos 9:11.
10:3 Adoni - zedek sent - Either because he was superior to them, or because he was nearest the danger, and most forward in the work.
10:5 Of the Amorites - This name being here taken largely for any of the Canaanites, as is frequent; for, to speak strictly, the citizens of Hebron here mentioned, ver. Jos 10:3, were Hittites. It is reasonably supposed, that the Amorites being numerous and victorious beyond Jordan poured forth colonies into the land of Canaan, subdued divers places, and so communicated their name to all the rest.
10:6 Slack not thy hand - Do not neglect or delay to help us. Whom thou art obliged to protect both in duty as thou art our master; and by thy owns interest, we being part of thy possessions; and in ingenuity, because we have given ourselves to thee, and put ourselves under thy protection.In the mountains - ln the mountainous country.
10:7 Joshua ascended - Having no doubt asked advice of God first, which is implied by the answer God gives him, ver. Jos 10:8.All the mighty men - That is, an army of the most valiant men picked out from the rest; for it is not probable, either that he would take so many hundred thousands with him, which would have hindered one another, or that he would leave the camp without an army to defend it.
10:9 Came suddenly - Though assured by God of the victory, yet he uses all prudent means. All night - It is not said, that he went from Gilgal to Gibeon in a night's space; but only that he travelled all night; unto which you may add part either of the foregoing or of the following day. It is true, God had promised, that he would without fail deliver the enemies into his hand. But God's promises are intended, not to slacken, but to quicken our endeavours. He that believeth doth not make haste, to anticipate providence; but doth make haste to attend it, with a diligent, not a distrustful speed.
10:10 At Gibeon - Heb. in Gibeon, not in the city, but in the territory belonging to it.
10:11 Great stones - That is, hailstones of extraordinary greatness, cast down with that certainty, as to hit the Canaanites and not their pursuers the Israelites. Josephus affirms, that thunder and lightning were mixed with the hail, which may seem probable from Hab 3:11. They had robbed the true God of his honour, by worshippingthe host of heaven, and now the hosts of heaven fights against them, and triumphs in their ruin. Beth - horon lay north of Gibeon, Azekah and Makkedah, south, so that they fled each way. But which way soever they fled, the hailstones pursued them. There is no fleeing out of the hands of God!
10:12 Spoke Joshua - Being moved to beg it out of zeal to destroy God's enemies, and directed to it by the motion of God's spirit, and being filled with holy confidence of the success, he speaks the following words before the people, that that they might be witnesses. In the sight - That is, in the presence and audience of Israel. Over Gibeon - That is, in that place and posture in which now it stands towards, and looks upon Gibeon.Let it not go down lower, and by degrees, out of the sight of Gibeon.It may seem, that the sun, was declining, and Joshua perceiving that his work was great and long, and his time but short, begs of God the lengthening out of the day, and that the sun and moon might stop their course, He mentions two places, Gibeon and Ajalon, not as if the sun stood over the one and the moon over the other, which is absurd especially these places being so near the one to the other; but partly to vary the phrase, as is common in poetical passages; partly because he was in his march in the pursuit of his enemies, to pass from Gibeon to Ajalon; and he begs that he may have the help of longer light to pursue them, and to that end that the sun might stand still, and the moon also; not that he needed the moon's light, but because it was fit, either that both sun and moon should go, or that both should stand still to prevent disorder in the heavenly bodies. The prayer is thus exprest with authority, because it was not an ordinary prayer, but the prayer of a prophet, divinely inspired at this very time for this purpose. And yet it intimates to us the prevalency of prayer in general, and may mind us of that honour put upon prayer, concerning the work of my hands command you me.
10:13 Avenged them on their enemies - That is, till they bad utterly destroyed them. Book of Jasher - This book was written and published before Joshua wrote his, and so is fitly alluded here. But this, as well as some other historical books, is lost, not being a canonical book, and therefore not preserved by the Jews with the same care as they were.The sun stood - Here is no mention of the moon, because the sun's standing was the only thing which Joshua desired and needed; and the moon's standing he desired only by accident to prevent irregularity in the motions of those celestial lights. And if it seem strange to any one, that so wonderful a work should not be mentioned in any Heathen writers; he must consider, that it is confessed by the generality of writers, Heathens and others, that there is no certain history or monument in Heathen authors of any thing done before the Trojan war, which was a thousand years after Joshua's time; and that all time before that, is called by the most learned Heathens, the uncertain, unknown, or obscure time.A whole day - That is, for the space of a whole day. Understand an artificial day between sun - rising and sun - setting; for that was the day which Joshua needed and desired, a day to give him light for his work.
10:14 No day like that - Namely, in those parts of the world in which he here speaks, vain therefore is that objection, that the days are longer near the northern and southern poles, where they are constantly longer at certain seasons, and that by the order of nature; whereas the length of this day was purely contingent, and granted by God in answer to Joshua's prayer. The Lord hearkened to a man - Namely, in such a manner to alter the course of nature, and of the heavenly bodies, that a man might have more time to pursue and destroy his enemies. The Lord fought - This is added as the reason why God was so ready to answer Joshua's petition, because he was resolved to fight for Israel, and that in a more than ordinary manner. But this stupendous miracle was designed for something more, than to give Israel light to destroy the Canaanites. It was designed to convince and confound those idolaters, who worshipped the sun and moon, by demonstrating, that these also were subject to the command of the God of Israel: as also to signify, that in the latter days, when the world was covered with darkness, the sun of righteousness, even our Joshua, should arise, and be the true light of the world. To which we may add, that when Christ conquered our enemies upon the cross, the miracle wrought on the sun was the reverse of this. It was then darkened, as if going down at noon. For Christ needed not the light of the sun, to compleat his victory: so he made darkness his pavilion.
10:15 Joshua returned - Not upon the same day, but after he had dispatched the matter which here follows; as appears by ver. Jos 10:43, where the very same words are repeated. And they are put here to close the general discourse of the fight which begun ver. Jos 10:10, and ends here; which being done he particularly describes some remarkable passages, and closeth them with the same words.
10:16 A cave - A place of the greatest secrecy; but there is no escaping the eye or hand of God. At Makkedah - Heb. in Makkedah, not in the city, for that was not yet taken; but in the territory of it.
10:19 Enter their cities - Whereby they will recover their strength, and renew the war. God hath delivered them - Your work will be easy, God hath already done the work to your hands.
10:20 The children of Israel - That is, a party of them by the command of Joshua; for Joshua himself went not with them, but abode in the siege before Makkedah, ver. Jos 10:21.
10:21 To the camp - To the body, of the army which were engaged there with Joshua to besiege that place. None moved his tongue - Not only their men of war could not find their hands, but they were so confounded, that they could not move their tongues in way of insult, as doubtless they did when the Israelites were smitten at Ai; but now they were silenced as well as conquered: they durst no more provoke the Israelites.
10:24 Put your feet on the necks - This he did not from pride and contempt; but as a punishment of their impious rebellion against their Sovereign Lord; in pursuance of that curse of servitude due to all this people, and as a token to assure his captains, that God would subdue the proudest of them under their feet.
10:27 Took them down - That neither wild beasts could come to devour them, nor any of their people to give them honourable burial. Thus that which they thought would have been their shelter, was made their prison first, and then their grave. So shall we surely be disappointed, in whatever we flee to from God.
10:28 And that day - On which the sun stood still. Nor is it strange that so much work was done, and places so far distant taken in one day, when the day was so long, and the Canaanites struck with such a terror.
10:29 All Israel - Namely, who were with him in this expedition.
10:35 On that day - On which they first attempted it.
10:36 Unto Hebron - The conquest of Hebron is here generally related, afterwards repeated, and more particularly described, chap. Jos 15:13-14.
10:37 All the cities - Which were subject to its jurisdiction; this being, it seems, a royal city as Gibeon was, ver. Jos 10:2, and having cities under it as that had.
10:38 Joshua returned - He is said to return thither, not as if he had been there before, but because having gone as far westward and southward as he thought fit, even as far as Gaza, ver. Jos 10:41, he now returned towards Gilgal, which lay north - ward and eastward from him, and in his return fell upon Debir.
10:40 All that breathed - That is, all mankind, they reserved the cattle for their own uses. As God had commanded - This is added for the vindication of the Israelites, whom God would not have to suffer in their reputation for executing his commands; and therefore he acquits them of that cruelty, which they might be thought guilty of, and ascribes it to his own just indignation. And hereby was typified the final destruction of all the impenitent enemies of the Lord Jesus, who having slighted the riches of his grace, must for ever feel the weight of his wrath.
10:41 Kadesh - barnea - Which lay in the south of Canaan, Num 34:4 Jos 10, Deu 1:19, Jos 10, Jos 15:3, .Gaza - Which was in the south - west of Canaan. So he here signifies, that Joshua did in this expedition subdue all those parts which lay south and west from Gilgal. Goshen - Not that Goshen in Egypt, but another in Judah.
1 y) Les chap. 10 et 11, par leur genre littéraire, différent des précédents à deux expéditions contre les rois cananéens coalisés, ils rattachent la conquête de tout le Sud, puis de tout le Nord de la Terre Promise, faite sous la conduite de Josué par l’ensemble des tribus. Cela ne s’accorde ni à d’autres passages du même livre, ainsi 13.1-6 ; 14.6-13 ; 15.13-19 ; 17.12, 16, ni au tableau qui ouvre le livre des Juges, Jg 1, d’où il apparaît que la conquête fut lente et incomplète, et que chaque tribu eut une action indépendante. Cette vue est plus conforme à l’histoire, mais le livre de Josué a rattaché à Josué des faits auxquels il était étranger ou qui lui étaient postérieurs, pour donner un tableau d’ensemble de la conquête.
10 z) Sur la route ordinaire des invasions, comparer la poursuite des Philistins par Saül, 1 S 14.23 (grec), 31. Cf. aussi l’invasion syrienne, 1 M 3.16, 24.
13 a) Ancien recueil poétique, aujourd’hui perdu, encore cité en 2 S 1.18. — Ce couplet rythmé, dont il est vain de rechercher la justification dans l’astronomie ou dans les cultes astraux, est une expression poétique de l’aide apportée par Yahvé à Israël, cf. v. 11. Il a été pris à la lettre par un rédacteur qui veut souligner la grandeur de Josué, cf. v. 14. Comparer avec Jg 5.20.
16 b) Cette histoire représente une tradition particulière, distincte de celle de la bataille de Gabaôn (la mention de Maqqéda au v. 10 est une addition rédactionnelle). Le site est inconnu. D’après 15.41, Maqqéda était dans la région d’Églôn et de Lakish, très loin de Gabaôn.
21 c) Litt. « pas un homme (en lisant ’ish au lieu de le ’ish hébr.) n’aiguisa sa langue ».
28 d) Noter le schématisme de ce tableau, cf. 10.1. La conquête d’Hébron et Debir ne peut être attribuée à Josué, cf. 15.13-17 ; Jg 1.10-15. Quant à Libna, Lakish et Églôn, elles ne sont devenues israélites que beaucoup plus tard.
Le livre de Josué se divise en trois parties : a) la conquête de la Terre Promise, 1-12 ; b) la répartition du territoire entre les tribus, 13-21 ; c) la fin de la carrière de Josué, et spécialement son dernier discours et l’assemblée de Sichem, 22-24. Il est certain que ce livre n’a pas été écrit par Josué lui-même, comme l’a admis la tradition juive, et qu’il met en œuvre des sources variées. Dans la première partie, on reconnaît, dans les chap. 2-9, un groupe de traditions qui se rattachent très probablement au sanctuaire benjaminite de Gilgal. Les chap. 2 et 9, l’histoire d’une femme, Rahab, et celle d’un groupe d’étrangers, les Gabaonites, encadrent ce premier ensemble littéraire. Dans les chap. 10-11, on trouve deux histoires de batailles, celle de Gabaôn et celle de Mérom, auxquelles est rattachée la conquête de tout le sud puis de tout le nord du pays. L’histoire des Gabaonites, chap. 9, en enjambant sur 10.1-6, fait le lien entre ces deux groupes de chapitres, vraisemblablement réunis avant la fin de l’époque monarchique.
Les traditions recueillies dans les chap. 3-8 ont été conservées à Gilgal, un sanctuaire de Benjamin ; la figure de Josué, qui est un Éphraïmite, pourrait bien y être secondaire ; sa présence dans les récits veut souligner que, dès avant la royauté, l’entrée en Canaan s’est faite sous un chef unique. L’aspect étiologique de ces récits, c’est-à-dire leur souci d’expliquer des faits ou des situations qui restent observables, est indéniable et obéit à une motivation historique. Dans les récits relatifs à Jéricho, chap. 6, et à Aï, chap. 8, l’historicité des événements rapportés est difficile à prouver et ne reçoit pas l’appui des découvertes archéologiques.
La seconde partie est un exposé géographique d’un genre tout différent. Le chap. 13 localise les tribus de Ruben et de Gad et la demi-tribu de Manassé, déjà installées par Moïse en Transjordanie, d’après Nb 32, cf. Dt 3.12-17. Les chap. 14-19 concernent les tribus à l’ouest du Jourdain et combinent deux sortes de documents : une description des limites des tribus, qui est d’une précision très inégale et qui remonte pour le fond à l’époque prémonarchique, et des listes de villes qui ont été ajoutées. La plus détaillée est celle des villes de Juda, 15, qui, complétée par une partie de villes de Benjamin, Jos 18.25-28, répartit les villes en douze districts ; elle reflète une division administrative du royaume de Juda, probablement sous Josaphat. En manière de compléments, le chap. 20 énumère les villes de refuge dont la liste n’est pas antérieure au règne de Salomon ; le chap. 21, sur les villes lévitiques, est une addition postérieure à l’Exil, qui utilise cependant les souvenirs de l’époque monarchique.
Dans la troisième partie, le chap. 22, sur le retour des tribus d’outre-Jourdain et l’érection d’un autel au bord du fleuve, porte les marques de rédactions deutéronomiste et sacerdotale ; il a pour origine une tradition particulière dont l’âge et le sens sont incertains. Le chap. 24 préserve le vieux et authentique souvenir d’une assemblée à Sichem et du pacte religieux qui y fut conclu.
À la rédaction deutéronomiste, on peut attribuer, outre des retouches de détail, les passages suivants : 1 (en grande partie) ; 8.30-35 ; 10.28-43 ; 11.11-24 ; 12 (sauf la liste) ; 22.1-8 ; 23 ; la révision de 24. La manière dont le chap. 24, retouché dans l’esprit du Deutéronome, a été maintenu à côté du chap. 23, qui s’en inspire mais est d’une autre main, fournit l’indice de deux éditions successives du livre.
Celui-ci présente la conquête de toute la Terre Promise comme le résultat d’une action d’ensemble des tribus sous la conduite de Josué. Le récit de Jg 1 offre un tableau différent : on y voit chaque tribu luttant pour son territoire et souvent mise en échec ; c’est une tradition d’origine judéenne, dont les éléments ont pénétré dans la partie géographique de Josué, Jos 13.1-6 ; 14.6-15 ; 15.13-19 ; 17.12-18. Cette image d’une conquête dispersée et incomplète est plus proche de la réalité historique, que l’on ne peut restituer que d’une manière conjecturale. L’installation dans le Sud de la Palestine se fit à partir de Cadès et du Négeb et surtout par des groupes qui ne furent que progressivement intégrés à Juda : les Calébites, Qenizzites, etc., et les Siméonites. L’installation en Palestine centrale fut l’œuvre des groupes qui traversèrent le Jourdain sous la conduite de Josué et qui comprenaient les éléments des tribus d’Éphraïm-Manassé et de Benjamin. L’installation dans le Nord eut une histoire particulière : les tribus de Zabulon, Issachar, Asher et Nephtali étaient établies depuis un temps indéterminé et ne sont pas descendues en Égypte. À Sichem, elles se rallièrent à la foi yahviste que le groupe de Josué avait apportée et elles acquirent leurs territoires définitifs en luttant contre les Cananéens qui les avaient asservies ou qui les menaçaient. Dans ces différentes régions, l’installation se fit en partie par des actions guerrières, en partie par une infiltration pacifique et par des alliances avec les précédents occupants du pays. Il faut retenir comme historique le rôle de Josué dans l’installation en Palestine centrale, depuis le passage du Jourdain jusqu’à l’assemblée de Sichem. Considérant la date qui a été indiquée pour l’Exode (Introduction au Pentateuque), on peut proposer la chronologie suivante : entrée des groupes du Sud vers 1250, occupation de la Palestine centrale par les groupes venant d’outre-Jourdain à partir de 1225, expansion des groupes du Nord vers 1200 av. J.-C.
De cette histoire complexe, que nous ne restituons que par hypothèse, le livre de Josué donne un tableau idéalisé et simplifié. Il est idéalisé : l’épopée de la sortie d’Égypte se continue dans cette conquête où Dieu intervient miraculeusement en faveur de son peuple. Il est simplifié : tous les épisodes se sont polarisés autour de la grande figure de Josué, qui mène les combats de la Maison de Joseph, 1-12, et à qui est attribuée une répartition du territoire qui ne s’effectua pas par lui ni d’un coup, 13-21. Le livre s’achève par les adieux et la mort de Josué, 23, 24 ; ainsi, du début à la fin, il en est le personnage principal. En lui, les Pères de l’Église ont reconnu une préfiguration de Jésus : non seulement il porte le même nom sauveur, mais le passage du Jourdain, introduisant avec lui dans la Terre Promise, est le type du baptême en Jésus qui introduit à Dieu, et la conquête et la répartition du territoire sont devenues l’image des victoires et de l’expansion de l’Église.
Cette terre de Canaan est bien, dans l’horizon de l’Ancien Testament, le vrai sujet du livre : le peuple, qui avait trouvé son Dieu au désert, reçoit maintenant sa terre, et il la reçoit de son Dieu. Car c’est Yahvé qui a combattu pour les Israélites, Jos 23.3-10 ; 24.11-12, et leur a donné en héritage le pays qu’il avait promis aux Pères, 23.5, 14.